Vallejo, Luis; Mora, Jose; Jin, Wei; Romero-Huedo, Jaime; Chen, Lin; Tang, Jianming; Ortega, Beatriz
Centralized bidirectional heterogeneous fiber-FSO-mmWave-converged networks for 6G dense cellular network deployments Journal Article
In: Journal of Optical Communications and Networking, vol. 17, no. 12, pp. 1136–1147, 2025, ISSN: 1943-0639, (Publisher: Optica Publishing Group).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Frequency combs, Laser sources, Optical networks, Optical signals, Phase modulation, Signal processing
@article{vallejo_centralized_2025,
title = {Centralized bidirectional heterogeneous fiber-FSO-mmWave-converged networks for 6G dense cellular network deployments},
author = {Luis Vallejo and Jose Mora and Wei Jin and Jaime Romero-Huedo and Lin Chen and Jianming Tang and Beatriz Ortega},
url = {https://opg.optica.org/jocn/abstract.cfm?uri=jocn-17-12-1136},
doi = {10.1364/JOCN.571969},
issn = {1943-0639},
year = {2025},
date = {2025-12-01},
urldate = {2026-02-03},
journal = {Journal of Optical Communications and Networking},
volume = {17},
number = {12},
pages = {1136–1147},
publisher = {Optica Publishing Group},
abstract = {To address the unprecedented technical challenges arising from ultra-dense cellular network deployment for applications in densely populated urban areas envisioned for 6G, this paper proposes and experimentally demonstrates a novel, to our knowledge, centralized bidirectional heterogeneous access network with advanced baseband unit (BBU) pooling and cost-effective remote radio head (RRH) designs free from both lasers and digital signal processing (DSP). The network supports flexible deployments of fiber, free space optical (FSO), and millimeter wave (mmWave) segments, thus ensuring ubiquitous network connectivity. More importantly, it also seamlessly converges various network segments (fiber, FSO, and mmWave) and enables their uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) signals to concurrently and continuously flow between the BBU and user equipment (UE) without requiring optical-electrical/electrical-optical conversions and/or DSPs at any intermediate nodes. In the proposed network, DL mmWave signals are generated and detected using a free-running laser and a passive envelope detection. For the UL case, conventional electrical local oscillators and mixers are used for mmWave up-conversion and down-conversion. The performances of the proposed networks, including UL/DL channel interferences and achievable throughputs, are experimentally evaluated over a fiber-FSO-mmWave setup with 10 km fiber, 1.8 m FSO, and 3 m mmWave links (39 GHz/0.4 Gbit/s for DL, 36.5 GHz/0.2 Gbit/s for UL). The experimental results show robust bidirectional transmissions with negligible UL/DL interferences and minimal impacts from Rayleigh and Brillouin backscattering.},
note = {Publisher: Optica Publishing Group},
keywords = {Frequency combs, Laser sources, Optical networks, Optical signals, Phase modulation, Signal processing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Mobini, Zahra; Mohammadi, Mohammadali; He, Jiajun; Ngo, Hien Quoc; Matthaiou, Michail
Cell-Free Massive MIMO-Assisted ISAC with Beam Scanning Proceedings Article
In: 2025 IEEE 26th International Workshop on Signal Processing and Artificial Intelligence for Wireless Communications (SPAWC), pp. 1–5, 2025, ISSN: 1948-3252, (ISSN: 1948-3252).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Conferences, Copper, Integrated sensing and communication, Optimization, Programming, Protocols, Signal processing, Spectral efficiency, Three-dimensional displays, Transmitters
@inproceedings{mobini_cell-free_2025,
title = {Cell-Free Massive MIMO-Assisted ISAC with Beam Scanning},
author = {Zahra Mobini and Mohammadali Mohammadi and Jiajun He and Hien Quoc Ngo and Michail Matthaiou},
url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11143371},
doi = {10.1109/SPAWC66079.2025.11143371},
issn = {1948-3252},
year = {2025},
date = {2025-07-01},
urldate = {2025-10-08},
booktitle = {2025 IEEE 26th International Workshop on Signal Processing and Artificial Intelligence for Wireless Communications (SPAWC)},
pages = {1–5},
abstract = {This paper proposes a comprehensive framework for a cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (CF-mMIMO) integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) system, where the access points (APs) are partitioned into communication APs (CAPs) and the sensing APs (SAPs) to simultaneously support downlink (DL) communications and multi-static sensing. A dedicated sensing transmitter (ST) and the SAPs cooperatively sense a target within a designated zone, while the CAPs serve multiple communication users (CUs). To enable practical 3-dimensional (3D) target localization, we develop a novel beam scanning protocol and derive closed-form expressions for the DL spectral efficiency (SE), mainlobe-to-average sensing ratio (MASR), and the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) of target estimation. Moreover, we formulate a power optimization problem to improve the sensing performance under SE constraints for CUs, solving it efficiently using fractional programming (FP) techniques. Numerical results demonstrate that our approach achieves sensing performance gains of up to 20 dB and significantly reduces the CRLB.},
note = {ISSN: 1948-3252},
keywords = {Conferences, Copper, Integrated sensing and communication, Optimization, Programming, Protocols, Signal processing, Spectral efficiency, Three-dimensional displays, Transmitters},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Hu, Shaohua; Wang, Shen; Tang, Jianming; Zhang, Jing; Xu, Zhaopeng; Jin, Wei; Liu, Lulu; Zhou, Jiahao; Yi, Xingwen; Xu, Bo; Qiu, Kun
In: Optics Express, vol. 33, no. 15, pp. 31129–31138, 2025, ISSN: 1094-4087, (Publisher: Optica Publishing Group).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Modulation, Numerical simulation, Optical systems, Signal processing, Single mode fibers, Variable optical attenuators
@article{hu_decoupled_2025,
title = {Decoupled digital filtering-enabled simplification and fast convergence of IM/DD system linearization algorithms for strong band-limited power fading channels},
author = {Shaohua Hu and Shen Wang and Jianming Tang and Jing Zhang and Zhaopeng Xu and Wei Jin and Lulu Liu and Jiahao Zhou and Xingwen Yi and Bo Xu and Kun Qiu},
url = {https://opg.optica.org/oe/abstract.cfm?uri=oe-33-15-31129},
doi = {10.1364/OE.565790},
issn = {1094-4087},
year = {2025},
date = {2025-07-01},
urldate = {2025-10-08},
journal = {Optics Express},
volume = {33},
number = {15},
pages = {31129–31138},
publisher = {Optica Publishing Group},
abstract = {Chromatic dispersion limits practically achievable transmission distances of high data-rate intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD) optical transmission systems at C-band. Previously reported IM/DD system linearization algorithms can improve their transmission performances, which are, however, sensitive to the band limitation effect. In this paper, for linearizing IM/DD fiber channels with severe power fading and band-limitation, we propose and evaluate numerically and experimentally a decoupled system linearization scheme called equalization-cascaded multi-constraint iterative algorithm (EC-MCIA) using decoupled, channel partial-aware adaptive digital filters and a multiple constraint iteration algorithm. Compared with the previously reported hybrid MCIA with an embedded filter pair, the EC-MCIA can reduce the complexity and improve the linearization performance. In simulations, we observe two orders of magnitude bit-error-rate (BER) reductions for 100-Gb/s@100-km pulse amplitude modulation (PAM4) transmissions. We also experimentally demonstrate C-band 224 Gbit/s PAM4 transmissions over 25-km standard single mode fibers (SSMF). Experimental results show that the EC-MCIA achieves BERs lower than the 20% forward error correction (FEC) limit and outperforms the hybrid MCIA by nearly an order of magnitude. The required number of taps for the decoupled linear filter is only 15.},
note = {Publisher: Optica Publishing Group},
keywords = {Modulation, Numerical simulation, Optical systems, Signal processing, Single mode fibers, Variable optical attenuators},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Hu, Shaohua; Wang, Shen; Tang, Jianming; Zhang, Jing; Xu, Zhaopeng; Jin, Wei; Liu, Lulu; Zhou, Jiahao; Yi, Xingwen; Xu, Bo; Qiu, Kun
In: Optics Express, vol. 33, no. 15, pp. 31129–31138, 2025, ISSN: 1094-4087, (Publisher: Optica Publishing Group).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Modulation, Numerical simulation, Optical systems, Signal processing, Single mode fibers, Variable optical attenuators
@article{hu_decoupled_2025-1,
title = {Decoupled digital filtering-enabled simplification and fast convergence of IM/DD system linearization algorithms for strong band-limited power fading channels},
author = {Shaohua Hu and Shen Wang and Jianming Tang and Jing Zhang and Zhaopeng Xu and Wei Jin and Lulu Liu and Jiahao Zhou and Xingwen Yi and Bo Xu and Kun Qiu},
url = {https://opg.optica.org/oe/abstract.cfm?uri=oe-33-15-31129},
doi = {10.1364/OE.565790},
issn = {1094-4087},
year = {2025},
date = {2025-07-01},
urldate = {2025-10-08},
journal = {Optics Express},
volume = {33},
number = {15},
pages = {31129–31138},
publisher = {Optica Publishing Group},
abstract = {Chromatic dispersion limits practically achievable transmission distances of high data-rate intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD) optical transmission systems at C-band. Previously reported IM/DD system linearization algorithms can improve their transmission performances, which are, however, sensitive to the band limitation effect. In this paper, for linearizing IM/DD fiber channels with severe power fading and band-limitation, we propose and evaluate numerically and experimentally a decoupled system linearization scheme called equalization-cascaded multi-constraint iterative algorithm (EC-MCIA) using decoupled, channel partial-aware adaptive digital filters and a multiple constraint iteration algorithm. Compared with the previously reported hybrid MCIA with an embedded filter pair, the EC-MCIA can reduce the complexity and improve the linearization performance. In simulations, we observe two orders of magnitude bit-error-rate (BER) reductions for 100-Gb/s@100-km pulse amplitude modulation (PAM4) transmissions. We also experimentally demonstrate C-band 224 Gbit/s PAM4 transmissions over 25-km standard single mode fibers (SSMF). Experimental results show that the EC-MCIA achieves BERs lower than the 20% forward error correction (FEC) limit and outperforms the hybrid MCIA by nearly an order of magnitude. The required number of taps for the decoupled linear filter is only 15.},
note = {Publisher: Optica Publishing Group},
keywords = {Modulation, Numerical simulation, Optical systems, Signal processing, Single mode fibers, Variable optical attenuators},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Vallejo, Luis; Gonem, Omaro Fawzi Abdelhamid; Jin, Wei; Giddings, Roger Philip; Chen, Lin; Huang, Yi; Yi, Xingwen; Faruk, Md Saifuddin; Tang, Jianming
Seamlessly Converged Fiber-Wireless Access Networks With Dynamic Sub-Wavelength Switching and Tunable Photonic mmWave Generation Journal Article
In: Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 43, no. 6, pp. 2624–2635, 2025, (Publisher: IEEE).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Frequency division multiplexing, Optical signals, Optical switching devices, Signal processing, Signal transmission, Variable optical attenuators
@article{vallejo_seamlessly_2025,
title = {Seamlessly Converged Fiber-Wireless Access Networks With Dynamic Sub-Wavelength Switching and Tunable Photonic mmWave Generation},
author = {Luis Vallejo and Omaro Fawzi Abdelhamid Gonem and Wei Jin and Roger Philip Giddings and Lin Chen and Yi Huang and Xingwen Yi and Md Saifuddin Faruk and Jianming Tang},
url = {https://opg.optica.org/jlt/abstract.cfm?uri=jlt-43-6-2624},
year = {2025},
date = {2025-03-01},
urldate = {2025-10-08},
journal = {Journal of Lightwave Technology},
volume = {43},
number = {6},
pages = {2624–2635},
publisher = {IEEE},
abstract = {For implementing next-generation radio access networks (NG-RANs) supporting services/applications in the beyond-5G (B5G) era, seamless fiber-wireless network convergence is vital for enabling heterogeneous signals of various characteristics to continuously flow between the optical and electrical domains, i.e., the baseband unit (BBU) and user equipment (UE), without optical-electrical-optical (O-E-O) conversions or digital signal processing (DSP) at any intermediate nodes. To address such challenges, this paper proposes and experimentally demonstrates, for the first time, a cost-effective fiber-wireless converged flexible and dynamic access network based on intensity modulation and direct detection (IM-DD). The demonstrated network utilizes O-E-O conversion-free Soft-reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexers (Soft-ROADMs) at remote nodes to dynamically establish connections between the BBU and the remote radio heads (RRHs) at the sub-wavelength level. In addition, free-running laser-enabled photonic millimeter-wave (mmWave) signal generation and passive electrical envelope detector-enabled mmWave down-conversion are also used, respectively, at the RRHs and UEs to achieve mmWave frequency tunability and adaptive wireless network coverage. The network performance and optimum network configuration are experimentally explored extensively in a fiber-wireless converged access network with 3 × 1.333 Gbps dynamic BBU-UE connections over a 10 km IM-DD fiber link and a 5 m, 38 GHz mmWave wireless link. The results show that wide mmWave frequency tuning ranges and adaptive mmWave coverages are achievable by just adjusting the RRH-laser frequency and output powers.},
note = {Publisher: IEEE},
keywords = {Frequency division multiplexing, Optical signals, Optical switching devices, Signal processing, Signal transmission, Variable optical attenuators},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Nafria, Vijay; Djordjevic, Ivan B.
Low probability of intercept (LPI) free-space optical communication with wavelength diversity in strong atmospheric turbulence regime Journal Article
In: Optics Express, vol. 32, no. 26, pp. 47270–47284, 2024, ISSN: 1094-4087, (Publisher: Optica Publishing Group).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Adaptive optics, Coupling efficiency, Free space optics, Signal processing, Signal transmission, Systems design
@article{nafria_low_2024,
title = {Low probability of intercept (LPI) free-space optical communication with wavelength diversity in strong atmospheric turbulence regime},
author = {Vijay Nafria and Ivan B. Djordjevic},
url = {https://opg.optica.org/oe/abstract.cfm?uri=oe-32-26-47270},
doi = {10.1364/OE.547978},
issn = {1094-4087},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-12-01},
urldate = {2025-10-08},
journal = {Optics Express},
volume = {32},
number = {26},
pages = {47270–47284},
publisher = {Optica Publishing Group},
abstract = {In physical-layer security and cryptography we are concerned with the security of the transmitted data, while in low probability of intercept (LPI) communication with protecting the privacy of the end users. In our recent publications related to LPI communications and radars over free-space optical (FSO) links we proposed to hide the constant-amplitude modulated data, imposed on thermal source beam, in ambient solar radiation to protect the end users privacy and at the same time improve the reliability and security, while reducing the detectability of transmitted signal by the adversary Willie. In order to study both LPI and covert communication concepts we have developed an FSO communication testbed at the University of Arizona campus with a 1.5 km-long FSO link. Here we present results of our FSO experiments, where we conducted both LPI and covert communications at data rates ranging from 125 Mb/s to 10 Gb/s, wherein the information beam is kept completely hidden under the ambient solar radiations as random thermal noise. To improve the system reliability to atmospheric turbulence effects we make use of wavelength diversity method as a low-cost, easy to implement and far more practical alternative to conventional adaptive optics systems.},
note = {Publisher: Optica Publishing Group},
keywords = {Adaptive optics, Coupling efficiency, Free space optics, Signal processing, Signal transmission, Systems design},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Nafria, Vijay; Djordjevic, Ivan B.
Amplified entanglement-assisted communication systems operated in a desert environment and strong atmospheric turbulence regime Journal Article
In: Optics Express, vol. 32, no. 26, pp. 47561–47573, 2024, ISSN: 1094-4087, (Publisher: Optica Publishing Group).
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Homodyne detection, Laser communications, Optical properties, Optical transceivers, Rayleigh scattering, Signal processing
@article{nafria_amplified_2024,
title = {Amplified entanglement-assisted communication systems operated in a desert environment and strong atmospheric turbulence regime},
author = {Vijay Nafria and Ivan B. Djordjevic},
url = {https://opg.optica.org/oe/abstract.cfm?uri=oe-32-26-47561},
doi = {10.1364/OE.543021},
issn = {1094-4087},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-12-01},
urldate = {2025-10-08},
journal = {Optics Express},
volume = {32},
number = {26},
pages = {47561–47573},
publisher = {Optica Publishing Group},
abstract = {In this paper, we are presenting results that go against the common belief that entanglement is destroyed by the amplification using an EDFA. Here we demonstrate the quantum advantage of entanglement-assisted communication at 10Gb/s, employing LDPC-coded BPSK, over classical laser communication even after the amplification of signal photons is performed by the EDFA in order to improve the reliability of entanglement-assisted (EA) communication operating in turbulent 1.5 km terrestrial FSO channels. To make the EA system more robust against various atmospheric effects such as scattering, absorption, and turbulence effects we perform the optical phase-conjugation on idler photons rather than turbulence-affected signal photons and use adaptive optics to make additional improvements in terms of the bit-error rate.},
note = {Publisher: Optica Publishing Group},
keywords = {Homodyne detection, Laser communications, Optical properties, Optical transceivers, Rayleigh scattering, Signal processing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Vallejo, Luis; Jin, Wei; Tang, Jianming
Seamlessly Converged Optical-Wireless Access Networks Using Free-Running Laser-enabled mmWave Signal Generation and RF Envelope Detection Proceedings Article
In: CLEO 2024 (2024), paper JTu2A.80, pp. JTu2A.80, Optica Publishing Group, 2024.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Tags: Bit error rate, Optical access networks, Optical networks, Optical signals, Phase noise, Signal processing
@inproceedings{vallejo_seamlessly_2024,
title = {Seamlessly Converged Optical-Wireless Access Networks Using Free-Running Laser-enabled mmWave Signal Generation and RF Envelope Detection},
author = {Luis Vallejo and Wei Jin and Jianming Tang},
url = {https://opg.optica.org/abstract.cfm?uri=CLEO_AT-2024-JTu2A.80},
doi = {10.1364/CLEO_AT.2024.JTu2A.80},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-05-01},
urldate = {2025-10-08},
booktitle = {CLEO 2024 (2024), paper JTu2A.80},
pages = {JTu2A.80},
publisher = {Optica Publishing Group},
abstract = {Low-cost component-based converged optical-wireless networks without DSP at intermediate RRHs are proposed and experimentally demonstrated, supporting 1.67 Gbit/s/ch dynamic and continuous BBU-UE data flows over 50 km SSMF and 3 m 38 GHz wireless links.},
keywords = {Bit error rate, Optical access networks, Optical networks, Optical signals, Phase noise, Signal processing},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}